Electronics || Scientific FS
Electronics
What are electronics?
Electronics is the branch of physics and electrical engineering that deals with the flow and control of electrons, and the design and use of electronic devices. It studies the behavior and effects of electrons in vacuums, gases, and semiconductors. in an electronic device, tiny electric currents are carefully directed around more complex circuits to process signals, or store and process information.
What is an electronic circuit?
An electronic circuit is a structure that directs and controls the flow of electric current. The name circuit denotes that the structure is closed like a loop. An electronic circuit is a unit through which an electric current can flow. The combination of electronic components and wires allows the execution of various simple and complex operations like amplifying signals, performing computations, or moving data from one place to another.
What are the components of an electronic circuit?
An electronic circuit is made of individual electronic components, such as resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors, and diodes connected by conductive wires. Each component performs a different task in the circuit. The resistors, the poor conductor of electricity, restrict the flow of electrons and reduces the current by converting electrical energy into heat. Transistors work both as switches, turning the electric circuit on and off; and as amplifiers, converting small currents into much larger ones. The capacitors (originally known as condensers) store an electric charge. The inductor (also choke or reactor ) creates a magnetic field when the current passes through it. It is typically made of a wire or other conductor wound into a coil, to increase the magnetic field. The diode allows an electric current to pass in One Direction (Called the diode's forward direction) while blocking current in the opposite direction (The reverse direction). Diodes are used to convert alternating current to direct current.
What are the different types of electronic circuits?
Based on the arrangement of the components, there are mainly 3 types of electronic circuits:
- Analog circuit - In this format, as in a transistor radio, the signals enter the circuit through the antennae. These signals vibrate in a pattern that corresponds to the sound that they are carrying. No conversion of signals is done before processing in the circuit, hence no data loss happens. Analog circuitry is constructed from two fundamental building blocks, series, and parallel circuits. In a series circuit, the same current passes through a series of components. A string of Christmas lights is a good example of a series circuit: if one goes out, they all do. In a parallel circuit, all the components are connected to the same voltage, and the current divides between the various components according to their resistance. An example of a parallel circuit is a number of electrical outlets wired to a single circuit breaker at home.
- Digital circuit - In this format signals travel as coded numbers. Digital circuits are based on a number of discrete voltage levels. Most digital circuits use a binary system with two voltage levels labeled “0” and “1”. Often logic “0” will be a lower voltage and referred to as “low” while logic “1” is referred to as “High”. Here, the input signals are converted from analog to digital form before they are processed and again from digital to analog while producing output. Computers, mobile phones, electronic clocks, digital cameras, etc. Use digital circuits. Compared to analog circuits, these are easy to design and have flexibility.
- Mixed-signal circuits - These are a hybrid circuit that contains elements of both analogue and digital circuits. Examples include comparators, timers, phase-locked loops, analog to digital converters, and digital to analog converters. Most modern radio and communication circuitry uses mixed-signal circuits.
- Parallel circuits - an example of a parallel circuit is a number of electrical outlets wired to a single circuit breaker at home.
What are the common electronic devices?
Electronic devices that we use in our daily lives are television, answering machine, vacuum cleaner, digital camera, cell phone, MP 3 player, video games, Computer, Microwave Oven, washing machine, Electric kettle, Iron, refrigerator, heater, Geyser, Electric Rice cooker, Light bulb, etc. Some electronic medical devices are hearing aids, pacemakers, baby incubators, pulse oximeters, Phototherapy, magnetic resonance, Imaging machines, etc.
Gustav Robert Kirchoff (1824-1887) developed basic equations still used in electronic circuit theory.
If you scuffed your feet long enough without touching anything, you would build up so many electrons that if you touched them your finger would explode!
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